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| ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2009 | Volume
: 55
| Issue : 6 | Page : 275-281 |
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Time and Angle of Arrival Statistics of Mobile-to-Mobile Communication Channel Employing Circular Scattering Model
Babu Sena Paul, Abul Hasan, Himanshu Madheshiya, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| Date of Web Publication | 18-Jan-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
Babu Sena Paul
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam
India
 DOI: 10.4103/0377-2063.59166
 Abstract | | |
Mobile-to-mobile communication becomes necessary in many emerging wireless communication systems. Characteristics of mobile-to-mobile communication channel have been studied through a geometrical single bounce scattering model and analytical expressions for angle of arrival and time of arrival probability density functions have been derived for such models. Analytical expressions have been verified through computer simulations. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of mobile-to-mobile channel behavior in terms of the parameters studied. Keywords: Angle of arrival, Time of arrival, Channel model, Geometry based single bounce modeling, Mobile-to-mobile -communication
How to cite this article:
Paul BS, Hasan A, Madheshiya H, Bhattacharjee R. Time and Angle of Arrival Statistics of Mobile-to-Mobile Communication Channel Employing Circular Scattering Model. IETE J Res 2009;55:275-81 |
How to cite this URL:
Paul BS, Hasan A, Madheshiya H, Bhattacharjee R. Time and Angle of Arrival Statistics of Mobile-to-Mobile Communication Channel Employing Circular Scattering Model. IETE J Res [serial online] 2009 [cited 2013 Jun 19];55:275-81. Available from: http://www.jr.ietejournals.org/text.asp?2009/55/6/275/59166 |
| 1.Introduction | |  |
Studies on mobile-to-mobile (M2M) communication and relay based communication have been attracting significant attention of the research community [1],[2],[3],[4],[5] with the advent and popularity of wireless adhoc networks, advanced cellular networks and wireless sensor networks. In an M2M channel both the transmitter and receiver are surrounded by local scatterers. m0 aking it channel different from a conventional macro cellular channel. In a scattering environment the angle of arrival (AOA) and time of arrival (TOA) probability density functions (PDF) depend on the location as well as distribution of scatterers. Beam steering and interference mitigation, in a wireless environment using antenna arrays, require prior knowledge of the AOA of signals. Information on the TOA statistics helps determine data rates and symbol periods so as to avoid ISI. As in the case of the macro cellular scenario [6],[7] , it is necessary to develop appropriate models representing M2M channels and study the distribution of TOA and AOA pertaining to such models.
A widely used geometrical model for macro cellular scenario consists of a uniformly distributed circular scattering region around the mobile station [8],[9] . This modeling technique has been extended for the M2M case by considering uniformly distributed circular scattering region around both transmitter and receiver. Further, only single scattered waves have been considered significant. The analytical expressions for AOA and TOA PDFs for the single bounce geometrical model for M2M communication have been derived and verified through simulation studies.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 elaborates on the model under consideration. Analytical expressions for time and angle of arrival have been derived in section 3 and section 4 respectively. Finally, conclusions are drawn in section 5.
| 2.Model Description | | |
The M2M channel model under consideration may be considered a geometry-based single bounce model as shown in [Figure 1]. M1 and M2 denote the transmitting and receiving mobile communicating devices respectively, separated by a distance D. The model can take into account mobile devices with one or more antennas. In this model, scatterers are assumed to be distributed in two circular regions around M1 and M2 . In general, the distribution of scatterers may be arbitrary, and it will affect the AOA and TOA PDFs evaluated using the model. The analysis presented here has been carried out assuming uniform distribution of scatterers. R1 and R2 respectively denote the radii of the scattering regions around M1 and M2 . N1 and N2 represent the number of scatterers at the transmitting and receiving ends. It is assumed that a ray emanating from the transmitter reaches the receiver only after being scattered by a single scatterer either at the transmitter/receiver-end. It is also assumed that all scattered rays that reach the receiver have the same power. The rays reaching the receiver after multiple scattering are assumed to have very little power compared to the rays reaching the receiver after single scattering. Hence, multiple scattering has not been taken into account. The separation between the transmitter and the receiver is assumed to be large in comparison with the radii of the scattering regions. This assumption permits the application of geometrical optics and the waves can be represented as rays.
| 3.Derivation of Time of Arrival Probability Density Function | | |
In this section we derive the expression for TOA PDF for the geometrical model described in section 2. For the model under consideration, the transmitted signal, after being scattered by the scatterers, reaches the receiver as multipath components with different time delays depending on path lengths. The difference in time delays of different multipath components introduces delay spread in the channel which in turn may introduce inter symbol interference (ISI) depending on the data rate of the system. The maximum data rate that can be supported by a channel without introducing ISI and requirement for equalization is determined by the time dispersive nature of the channel [10]. TOA profile also helps determine navigational services like position of a device. Moreover, there is a strong relation between signal bandwidth and delay spread (which are inversely related) making characterization of TOA statistics essential.
In deriving TOA PDF expression analytically for the model described in section 2, joint TOA/AOA PDF can be derived from which marginal TOA PDF can be found. In [11] it was observed that this approach becomes intractable even for uniformly distributed scatterers. An alternative approach for obtaining analytical expression for the TOA PDF for macro cellular scenario through computation of cumulative distribution function (CDF) of TOA using a geometrical basis was presented by the authors of [11] . In deriving TOA PDF for M2M channel model, the same methodology has been adopted.
To obtain the TOA CDF for a M2M communication channel represented through geometrical model containing finite number of scatterers, the first step is to determine the scatterers responsible for contribution towards a certain TOA, say τ. If the scatterers are assumed to reside on an ellipse having M1 and M2 at its foci, the rays from M1 to M2 (or from M2 to M1 ) involving such scatterers will have equal path delays. An ellipse corresponding to a given path delay τ, intersecting with the circular scattering regions is shown in [Figure 2]. The scatterers within the ellipse cause delay less than t. The scatterers present in the shaded regions shown in [Figure 2] contribute towards determining the CDF, Fτ (τ). Hence the CDF for the TOA for any particular τ, may be written as, 
Where, Fτ (τ) is the CDF of the TOA. P r represents the probability.
n(τ) gives the total number of scatterers present inside the ellipse having constant delay τ and hence contributing towards the CDF. N gives the total number of scatterers present in the system.
If n1 (τ) and n2 (τ) represent the total number of scatterers around M1 and M2 respectively and contributing to the CDF and N1 and N2 are the total number of scatterers around M1 and M2 respectively, then equation 1 can be written as,
The TOA PDF is obtained from the TOA CDF, Ft (τ), on differentiating it with respect to time delay t. Hence the TOA PDF, ft (τ), can be written as, 1 d
Let, ρ1 and ρ2 be the scatterer densities around M and M respectively, and assuming uniform distribution of the scatterers, the number of scatterers n1 (τ), n2 (τ), N1 and N2 can be written as follows,
The areas ΔA 1 and ΔA 2 are as shown in [Figure 2].
Combining equation 3 to 7, the PDF of the TOA may be written as,
Equation 8 can be written as,
With reference to [Figure 3] and [Figure 4], it may be observed that the terms inside the parentheses of equation 9 represent the TOA PDF for a macro cellular scenario. The term inside the first parenthesis of equation 9 gives the TOA PDF for a macro cellular scenario depicted in [Figure 4], whereas the term within the second parenthesis gives the TOA PDF for the scenario shown in [Figure 3]. Thus it may be observed that the TOA PDF for a M2M channel can be written in terms of the TOA PDF of two macrocellular channels combined with suitable weighting factors. For the sake of brevity and better readability, the terms within the parenthesis of equation 9 are denoted as,
Hence equation 9 can be written as,
or else,
Where, ρ gives the relative scatterer density at M1 with reference to scatterer density at M2 . f iτ (τ), for i = 1 and 2 respectively represent the TOA PDF's for a macro-cellular communication system, where the scatterers are present only around the mobile station (M2 for [Figure 3] and M1 for [Figure 4]), whereas the base station (M1 for [Figure 3] and M2 for [Figure 4]) is devoid of scatterers.
Expressions for TOA PDF for a circular scattering model with uniform distribution of scatterers representing macro cellular environment can be found in [11] which has been reproduced in equation 16 for the sake of continuity,
Where,
c = velocity of light
R = radius of the circle containing scatterers around the mobile station
D = distance between the base station and the mobile station.
Equation 16 is valid only for (D/c) < t ≤ (D + 2R/c). When = (D/c), the values of k0 , k1 , and k4 becomes equal to zero and a few of the terms result in an indeterminate 0 condition. Although it may be possible to apply L' Hospital's rule and find the limit as → (D/c), the value of has been restricted to be strictly greater than D/c to avoid any singularity.
We verified the above formulation of the TOA PDF for a M2M channel, depicted by two disc of scatterers around the transmitting and the receiving mobile stations through computer simulations. Uniform distribution of scatterer positions were obtained by generating ordered pairs of random variables giving the angular position and the radial distance from the mobile stations. The angular positions were chosen to be uniformly distributed in [0,2π]. The radial distances were obtained from the product of the square root of uniformly distributed numbers between 0 and 1, multiplied with the radius of the scattering circles (R1 for scatterers around mobile station M1 and R2 for scatterers around mobile station M2 ). The simulations were run for 10 iterations each having different number of scatterers distributed uniformly with all the other model parameters remaining the same. The distribution of scatterers remains same but actual scatterer position changes in different runs.
The final results were obtained by averaging the results of different iterations. Some representative results for different model parameters, as given in the legends of the respective figures, have been shown in [Figure 5] and [Figure 6]. For the results shown in these figures, D, the separation between the two mobile stations M1 and M2 has been taken as 1000 m. For R1/ R2 = 1, the radii R1 and R2 have been taken as 100 m each. For different simulation trials, changes have been made in the value of either R2 or N2 . Theoretical and simulated results for various values of r and R1/R2 have been plotted. These plots verify the validity of equation 14.
| 4.Derivation of AOA Probability Density Function for M2M Channel | | |
Multiple antenna elements are often used either at the transmitter and/or at the receiving end of a communication system. Multiple antennas may be used for spatial multiplexing or beam forming purposes. In beam forming applications the knowledge of the angle of arrival (AOA) helps in steering the main lobe to the desired direction. Beam steering reduces the effect of interference and maximizes the desired signal by forming beam nulls at the direction of the interfering signals and directing the main lobe to the direction of the desired signal.
The AOA statistics for M2M channel differs from those for macrocellular scenario as the scatterers are present both at transmitter and receiver ends. The AOA statistics for macro cellular scenario represented by circular scattering model have been dealt with and reported in detail in literature [7],[11] . In an M2M channel, the scatterers around both the mobile units M1 and M2 and their distributions along with the model parameters viz. the distance between the mobile terminals, radii of the circular scattering region, relative scatterer density, determines the AOA statistics at the receiving mobile station. As in the previous section, the PDF of the AOA at the mobile station is obtained by differentiating the CDF of the AOA at the receiving mobile station with respect to the angle of arrival θ.
The PDF of the AOA, fθ(θ), at the mobile station, M1 , spans the range [-π, π]. The probability of a scatterer being placed inside the shaded regions corresponding to an angle of arrival less than or equal to θ, as shown in [Figure 7], gives the AOA CDF for that particular angle θ. As symmetry exists in the system model around the x-axis, the AOA PDF is symmetrical about θ = 0.
Scatterers are assumed to be uniformly distributed around M1 and M2 . The AOA CDF is given by the ratio of the number of scatterers lying inside the shaded regions to the total number of scatterers in the system, in the limiting sense. The AOA CDF can be written as,
Where, nθ(θ) gives the number of scatterers contributing towards the CDF for an AOA, θ.
Similarly, n1 (θ) and n2 (θ) corresponds to the number of scatterers around M1 and M2 which contributes towards the CDF for an AOA, θ. N gives the total number of scatterers in the system, while N1 and N2 gives the total number of scatterers around M1 and M2 respectively and = N1 + N2 .
The AOA PDF is obtained upon differentiating equation 17 with respect to θ. Hence,
Where, ρ1 and ρ2 are scatterer densities around the mobile stations M1 and M2 respectively.
The areas ΔA 1 (θ) and ΔA 2 (θ) are as shown in [Figure 7].
The sectorial area ΔA 1 (θ) is given by,
Combining equation 18 to equation 23 gives,
ρ is as defined in equation 15,
The term  denoted as f2θ (θ) gives the PDF of the AOA for a macro cellular scenario, as derived in [11] . The PDF of the AOA for a macro cellular scenario, with D as separation between the transmitter and receiver and R2 as radius of scattering circle, is given as,
Combining equation 24 and equation 26, the PDF of AOA for a M2M channel may be written as,
where, ρ is defined in equation 25 and θ ε [-π, π].
The above formulation for the PDF of AOA was verified through computer simulation.
Uniformly distributed scatterers were generated by the method described in section 3. Some of the representative results have been plotted in [Figure 8] and [Figure 9]. The model parameters for the simulation were same as that for the TOA PDF simulations. Theoretical and simulated results for various values of and R1/R2 have been plotted. The agreement of the theoretical and the simulation results verify the validity of equation 27.
| 5.Conclusion | | |
The paper investigates a geometrically based single bounce channel model for a M2M channel. The scatterers are assumed to be uniformly distributed in circular discs with the transmitter and receiver located at the center. The PDFs for the time and angle of arrival for such M2M channels have been derived. The derived density functions were verified through computer simulations. The modeling and analysis presented in this paper would contribute towards better understanding of M2M communication and design of such systems.
| 6.Acknowledgment | | |
The authors B. S. Paul and R. Bhattacharjee acknowledge the support provided by IETE in carrying out this research work.
| Author | | |
 Babu Sena Paul received his B.Tech and M.Tech degree in Radio physics and Electronics from the University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India, in 1999 and 2003 respectively. He was with Philips India Ltd from 1999-2000. From 2000-2002 he was lecturer of Electronics and Communication Engineering Dept. at SMIT, Sikkim, India. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in the area of wireless communication at IIT Guwahati, Assam, India. He has attended and published several papers in international and national conferences and symposiums. He was awarded the IETE Research Fellowship. He is a life member of IETE.
 Abul Hasan is an Electronics Engineering graduate who completed his B.Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering) from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati in 2008. Currently he is working with PicoPeta Simputers Pvt Ltd (now a subsidiary of Geodesic Ltd) as a Hardware Design Engineer. He is engaged in design and development of Simputers and Electronic Systems Hardware.
 Himanshu Madheshiya received his B.Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering) from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati in 2008. Currently he is working as Operations and maintenance engineer at NTPC (India's largest thermal power generating company).
 Ratnajit Bhattacharjee received his B. E. in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (First Class Honors) from Gauhati University (REC (at present NIT) Silchar), M. Tech. (E and ECE Department, Microwave Engineering specialization) from IIT Kharagpur and Ph. D. (Engineering) from Jadavpur University Kolkata. Presently he is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IIT Guwahati. Prior to joining IIT Guwahati, he was a faculty member in REC (NIT) Silchar. His research interest includes Wireless communication, Wireless networks, Microstrip antennas, Microwave Engineering and Electromagnetics. He has published over sixty research papers in journals, international and national conferences. He has developed the web course on Electromagnetic Theory under the NPTEL project of MHRD. He has also been involved in several research projects. He has been a Co-investigator for the contracted research from NICT Japan in the area of Next Generation Wireless Networks and currently a member of the research team of the Tiny6 STIC project (funded by French ministry of Foreign Affairs), which deals with IPv6 and Sensor Networks. In NIT Silchar, he was a coordinator for the setting up of Campus Wide Optical Fiber based network under the Centre for Excellence scheme. He was also associated in a number of projects from DRDO India, in the field of development of antenna system. He has done consultancy project works for the industry as well. He is a member of IEEE and life member of Indian Society of Technical Education.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9]
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